Summary of Key Points
The once-popular large bathhouses in cities, known as “da yu chang” (big baths), were once a popular destination for people to relax and socialize, offering a comprehensive range of entertainment and dining options. However, these establishments are now closing one after another due to a combination of factors including changes in consumer habits, increased costs, the impact of the pandemic, intensified competition, and stricter regulatory requirements.
Detailed Analysis
1. Young People's Changing Preferences: Da Yu Changs Are No Longer the Preferred Place for Leisure
In the past, people visited da yu chang for a convenient and enjoyable “one-stop” experience—taking a bath, having their backs rubbed, then relaxing on sofas while watching movies or enjoying buffets, and chatting with friends. However, today's young people prefer more exciting activities such as mystery games (script killing) or escape rooms, or they opt for outdoor camping and tea parties by the fire. Even when looking to relax, they prefer smaller, more personalized experiences like private cinemas or Japanese-style hot spring shops, or simply staying at home to watch videos or play games. The uniformity of da yu changs no longer appeals to them; it seems outdated and lacks novelty.
2. High Operating Costs: Revenue Isn't Enough to Cover Expenses
The operating costs of da yu changs are extremely high. They need to rent large spaces (often several thousand square meters), which can cost millions per year in rent alone. Maintenance is also costly, as pools, saunas, and rest areas must be regularly updated to keep customers satisfied. Additionally, they employ dozens or even hundreds of staff members, with significant salaries to pay. There are constant fixed expenses for utilities (hot water, air conditioning running 24/7), regardless of whether there are customers or not. If attendance decreases, the income isn't enough to cover these costs, and the business has to close.
3. The Pandemic dealt a Fatal Blow: Cash Flow Was Severed
The pandemic since 2020 had a devastating impact on da yu changs, which are enclosed public spaces. During the outbreak, many were forced to shut down for extended periods, with no income while rent and salaries still had to be paid. Even after reopening, people were wary of gathering in confined areas, leading to significantly lower attendance. Many da yu changs relied on profits during peak seasons to make up for losses during off-peak times; without these revenues, they couldn't sustain their operations.
4. Increased Competition: Customers Are Being Distracted by Alternative Options
Previously, da yu changs had a unique position in the leisure market, but now there are more competitive and alternative options available. High-end spas offering luxurious experiences, small massage shops in communities (affordable and convenient), and even hotel hot springs (available to guests staying at the hotel) are all competing for customers. The “one-stop” service offered by da yu changs becomes a disadvantage; they have everything but lack specialization. Customers who want to enjoy hot springs go to specialized spas, and those who need massages go to professional massage shops, resulting in a steady decline in business.
5. Stricter Regulatory Requirements: Older Bathhouses Can't Keep Up
In recent years, safety and hygiene standards have become more stringent. For example, da yu changs must meet fire safety requirements, with adequate escape routes and fire extinguishers, as well as regular drills. Hygiene regulations specify how often pools and towels must be disinfected. Many older bathhouses, built over a decade ago, have outdated facilities that require significant renovations. If they don't meet the new standards, they risk fines or even closure. Some owners decide it's not worth the investment and simply close their businesses.
All these factors have contributed to the decline of these once-popular da yu changs. It's not that they didn't try; it's just that the times have changed, with different demands, costs, and environmental conditions compared to before.